STUDY OF STRESS HYPERGLYCEMIA AS AN IN-HOSPITAL PROGNOSTIC FACTOR IN ACUTE ST ELEVATION MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION PATIENTS
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.55489/njmr.13012023948Keywords:
STRESS HYPERGLYCEMIA, ACUTE ST ELEVATION MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION, Diabetes, Hba1cAbstract
Introduction: According to the American Diabetes Association and American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists' consensus on inpatient hyperglycemia, any blood glucose level higher than 7.8 mmol/l (140 mg/dl) without symptoms of preceding diabetes is considered stress hyperglycemia or hospital-related hyperglycemia.
Methodology: all patients admitted with acute onset of ST-elevation myocardial infarction within 12 hours of onset, age more than 18 and less than 80 years at tertiary care hospitals were included in this study
Result: In the case group mean age was 55.4 years while in the control group mean age 57.5 years was In case group mean Hba1c 5.6 and SD 1.0 was while in control group mean Hba1c 5.3 and SD was 1.1 with p value 0.234.
Conclusion: Mortality was commonly noted in the stress hyperglycaemic groups. 5(25%) deaths were noted in group, while in euglycemic group 4(11.4%) death were noted in group.
References
Farrokhi F, Smiley D, Umpierrez GE. Glycemic control in non-diabetic critically ill patients. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 2011; 25:813-24. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.beem.2011.05.004 PMid:21925080 PMCid:PMC3718463
Cruikshank N: Coronary thrombosis and myocardial infarction with glycosuria. BMJ 1:618-619, 1931. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.1.3666.618 PMid:20776111 PMCid:PMC2314362
Garber AJ, Moghissi ES, Bransome ED Jr., Clark NG, Clement S, Cobin RH, et al. American college of endocrinology position statement on inpatient diabetes and metabolic control. En-docr Pract 2004; 10 Suppl 2:4-9. Doi: https://doi.org/10.4158/EP.10.S2.4 PMid:15251633
DiNardo MM, Korytkowski MT, Siminerio LS. The importance of normo glycemia in critically ill patients. Crit Care Nurs Q 2004; 27:126-34. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1097/00002727-200404000-00004 PMid:15137355
Capes SE, Hunt D, Malmberg K, Gerstein HC: Stress hyperglycemia and increased risk of death after myocardial infarc-tion in patients with and without diabetes: a systematic over-view. Lancet 355: 773-778, 2000. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(99)08415-9 PMid:10711923
Oswald GA, Smith CCT, Bette ridge DJ, Yudkin JS: Determinants and importance of stress hyperglycemia in nondiabetic patients with myocardial infarction. BMJ 293: 917-922, 2008. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.293.6552.917 PMid:3094714 PMCid:PMC1341710
Vora SD, Chaudhary KS, Parmar HK, Modi PJ. A Study of GlycosylatedHemoglobin (HbA1c) in Acute Coronary Syn-drome. Ntl J Community Med 2016; 7(2):106-110.
Wernly B, Lichtenauer M, Hoppe UC, Jung C. Hyperglycemia in septic patients: an essential stress survival response in all, a robust marker for risk stratification in some, to be messed with in none. J Thorac Dis. (2016) 8: E621-4. Doi: https://doi.org/10.21037/jtd.2016.05.24 PMid:27501420 PMCid:PMC4958822
Kaibori M, Ishizaki M, Matsui K, Ishizaki M, Iwasaka J, Miyau-chi T, et al. Perioperative exercise for chronic liver injury pa-tients with hepatocellular carcinoma undergoing hepatectomy. Am J Surg. (2013) 206:202-9. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjsurg.2012.07.035 PMid:23374372
Marik PE, Bellomo R. Stress hyperglycemia: an essential survival response! Critical Care. (2013) 17:305. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1186/cc12514 PMid:23470218 PMCid:PMC3672537
Godinjak A, Iglica A, Burekovic A, Jusufovic S, Ajanovic A, Tancica I, et al. Hyperglycemia in critically ill patients: management and prognosis. Med Arch 2015; 69(3): 157-60. Doi: https://doi.org/10.5455/medarh.2015.69.157-160 PMid:26261382 PMCid:PMC4500381
Koracevic GP. Proposal of a new approach to study and categorize stress hyperglycemia in acute myocardial infarction. J Emerg Med. (2016) 51:31-6. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jemermed.2015.03.047 PMid:27041491
Koraćević G, Mićić S, Stojanović M, Tomašević M, Kostić T, Koraćević M, et al. Single prognostic cut-off value for admission glycemia in acute myocardial infarction has been used although high-risk stems from hyperglycemia as well as from hypoglycemia (a narrative review). Prim Care Diabetes. (2020) 14:594-04. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pcd.2020.09.004 PMid:32988774
Barth, E, Albuszies, G, Baumgart, K, et al. Glucose metabolism and catecholamines. Crit Care Med 2007; 35: S508-S518. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1097/01.CCM.0000278047.06965.20 PMid:17713401
Qaseem, A, Humphrey, LL, Chou, R, et al. Use of intensive insulin therapy for the management of glycemic control in hospitalized patients: a clinical practice guideline from the American College of Physicians. Ann Intern Med 2011; 154: 260-267. Doi: https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-154-4-201102150-00007 PMid:21320941
Petersen, CL, Nielsen, JR, Petersen, BL, et al. Catecholaminergic activation in acute myocardial infarction: time course and relation to left ventricular performance. Cardiology 2003; 100: 23-28. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1159/000072388 PMid:12975542
Esposito, K, Nappo, F, Marfella, R, et al. Inflammatory cytokine concentrations are acutely increased by hyperglycemia in humans: role of oxidative stress. Circulation 2002; 106: 2067-2072. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.0000034509.14906.AE PMid:12379575
Wahab, NN, Cowden, EA, Pearce, NJ, et al. Is blood glucose an independent predictor of mortality in acute myocardial infarction in the thrombolytic era. J Am Coll Cardiol 2002; 40: 1748-1784. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0735-1097(02)02483-X PMid:12446057
Bolk, J, van der Ploeg, T, Cornel, JH, et al. Impaired glucose metabolism predicts mortality after a myocardial infarction. Int J Cardiol 2001; 79: 207-214. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-5273(01)00422-3 PMid:11461743
Kosiborod, M, Rathore, SS, Inzucchi, SE, et al. Admission glucose and mortality in elderly patients hospitalized with acute myocardial infarction: implications for patients with and without recognized diabetes. Circulation 2005; 111: 3078-3086. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.104.517839 PMid:15939812
Capes SE, Hunt D, Malmberg K, Gerstein HC. Stress hyperglicaemia and increased risk of death after myocardial infarction in patients with and without diabetes a systematic overview. Lancet. 2000;355(9206):773-8. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(99)08415-9 PMid:10711923
Timmer JR, van der Horst IC, Ottervanger JP, Henriques JP, Hoorntje JC, de Boer MJ, et al; Zwolle Myocardial Infarction Study Group. Prognostic value of admission glucose in non-diabetic patients with myocardial infarction. Am Heart J. 2004;148(3):399-404. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ahj.2004.04.007 PMid:15389225
Cheung NW, Wong VW, McLean M. The Hyperglycemia Intensive Insulin Infusion in Infarction (HI-5) study: a randomized controlled trial of insulin infusion therapy for myocardial infarction. Diabetes Care. 2006;29(4):765-70. Doi: https://doi.org/10.2337/diacare.29.04.06.dc05-1894 PMid:16567812
Kosiborod M, Rathore SS, Inzucchi SE, Masoudi FA, Wang Y, Havranek EP, et al. Admission glucose and mortality in elderly patients hospitalized with acute myocardial infarction: implications for patients with and without recognized diabetes. Circulation. 2005;111(23):3078-86. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.104.517839 PMid:15939812
Meier JJ, Deifuss S, Klamann A, Launhardt V, Schmiegel WH, Nauck MA. Plasma glucose at hospital admission and previ-ous metabolic control determine myocardial infarct size and survival in patients with and without type 2 diabetes: the Langendreer Myocardial Infarction and Blood Glucose in Diabetic Patients Assessment (LAMBDA). Diabetes Care. 2005;28(10):2551-3. Doi: https://doi.org/10.2337/diacare.28.10.2551 PMid:16186299
Gormeli Kurt et al., Stress Hyperglycemia in Acute Myocardial Infarction / Doi: https://doi.org/10.14744/ejmo.2018.49469
Modenesi RF, Pena FM, Faria CA, Carvalho RV, Souza NR, Soares JS, et al. Influence on prognosis and prevalence of stress hyperglycemia in a cohort of patients with acute coronary syndrome August 28, 2012/2012; 24(4):352-356. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1590/S0103-507X2012000400010 PMid:23917932 PMCid:PMC4031813
Marfella R, Siniscalchi M, Esposito K, Sellitto A, De Fanis U, Romano C, et al. Effects of stress hyperglycemia on acute myocardial infarction: role of inflammatory immune process in functional cardiac outcome. Diabetes Care. 2003;26(11):3129-35. 15. Doi: https://doi.org/10.2337/diacare.26.11.3129 PMid:14578250
Nordin C, Amiruddin R, Rucker L, Choi J, Kohli A, Marantz PR. Diabetes and stress hyperglycemia associated with myocardial infarctions at an urban municipal hospital: prevalence and effect on mortality. Cardiol Rev. 2005;13(5):223-30. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1097/01.crd.0000137251.77175.6a PMid:16106183
Sanjua R, Nunez J, Blasco ML, et al. Prognostic implications of stress hyperglycemia in acute ST elevation myocardial infarction. Prospective Observational Study. Rev Esp Cardiol. 2011; 64:201-7. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rec.2010.08.005
Pinheiro CP, Oliveira MD, Faro GB, et al. Prognostic value of stress hyperglycemia for in-hospital outcome in acute coronary artery disease. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2013; 100:127-34. Doi: https://doi.org/10.5935/abc.20130025 PMid:23503821
Katherine Esposito, Raffaele Marfella, Dario Giugliano. Stress Hyperglycemia, Inflammation, and Cardiovascular Events. DI-ABETES CARE 2003; 26 (11): 1650-1651. Doi: https://doi.org/10.2337/diacare.26.5.1650-a PMid:12716851
Cinar H, Avci A, Gulen M, Avci BS, Comertpay E, Satar S. Does stress hyperglycemia affect mortality? Acute myocardial infarction - case control study. Arch Med Sci Atheroscler Dis. 2019 Aug 14;4:e201-e207. Doi: https://doi.org/10.5114/amsad.2019.87303 PMid:31538125 PMCid:PMC6749178
Pinheiro, Prognostic Value of Stress Hyperglycemia for In-Hospital Outcome in Acute Coronary Artery Disease// Arq Bras Cardiol. 2013;100(2):127-134. Doi: https://doi.org/10.5935/abc.20130025 PMid:23503821
Mehta SR, Yusuf S, Diaz R, Zhu J, Pais P, Xavier D, Paolasso E, Ahmed R, Xie C, Kazmi K, Tai J, Orlandini A, Pogue J, Liu L; CREATEECLA Trial Group Investigators. CREATEECLA Trial Group. Effect of glucose-insulinpotassium infusion on mor-tality in patients with acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction: the CREATE-ECLA randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2005;293(4):437-46. 17. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.293.4.437 PMid:15671428
Cheung NW, Wong VW, McLean M. The Hyperglycemia: Intensive Insulin Infusion in Infarction (HI-5) study: a random-ized controlled trial of insulin infusion therapy for myocardial infarction. Diabetes Care. 2006;29(4):765-70. Doi: https://doi.org/10.2337/diacare.29.04.06.dc05-1894 PMid:16567812
Suleiman M, Hammerman H, Boulos M, Kapeliovich MR, Su-leiman A, Agmon Y, et al. Fasting glucose is an important in-dependent risk factor for 30-day mortality in patients with acute myocardial infarction: a prospective study. Circulation. 2005;111(6):754-60. 19. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.0000155235.48601.2A PMid:15699267
Svensson AM, McGuire DK, Abrahamsson P, Dellborg M. Association between hyper- and hypoglycaemia and 2-year all-cause mortality risk in diabetic patients with acute coronary events. Eur Heart J. 2005;26(13):1255-61. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehi230 PMid:15821004
Oliver MF, Kurien VA. Serum free fatty acids and arrhythmias after acute myocardial infarction. Lancet 1969; 2:1077-1078. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(69)90683-7 PMid:4187569
Lopaschuk GD, Stanley WC. Glucose metabolism in the ischemic heart. Circulation 1997; 95: 313-315. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.95.2.313 PMid:9008441
Taegtmeyer H, McNulty P, Young ME. Adaptation and maladaptation of the heart in diabetes, part I: general concepts. Circulation 2002; 105: 1727 - 1733. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.0000012466.50373.E8 PMid:11940554
Depre C, Vanoverschelde JL, Taegtmeyer H. Glucose for the heart. Circulation 1999; 99: 578-588. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.99.4.578 PMid:9927407
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2023 SureshKumar Nagocha , Ashok Gagiya, Vivek Gurjar
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Author/s retain the copyright of their article, with first publication rights granted to Medsci Publications.